Prenatal diagnosis of Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Syndrome. When to suspect it.

Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Syndrome (GCPS) is a very rare multiple congenital anomaly with an estimated incidence of 1-9:1,000,000 in newborns with principal findings of macrocephaly, ocular hypertelorism, and polysyndactyly (preaxial or mixed preaxial and postaxial). Very few cases of prenatal diagnoses have been reported. The postnatal diagnosis is based on clinical findings and family background. GLI3, the only gene associated with this anomaly, is altered in more than 75% of cases. Deletions over 1 Mb and involving other genes yield severe clinical cases, which are known collectively as Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly-contiguous gene Syndrome. We report a case in which, despite early polydactyly findings on week 16, the diagnosis was established during the third trimester of pregnancy due to the late presentation of other anomalies corresponding to this syndrome.

Maternal Thinness and Obesity and Customized Fetal Weight Charts.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine if customized fetal growth charts developed excluding obese and underweight mothers (CC(18.5-25)) are better than customized curves (CC) at identifying pregnancies at risk of perinatal morbidity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 20,331 infants were used to construct CC and from 11,604 for CC(18.5-25), after excluding the cases with abnormal maternal BMI. The 2 models were applied to 27,507 newborns and the perinatal outcomes were compared between large for gestational age (LGA) or small for gestational age (SGA) according to each model. Logistic regression was used to calculate the OR of outcomes by the group, with gestational age (GA) as covariable. The confidence intervals of pH were calculated by analysis of covariance. RESULTS: The rate of cesarean and cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) were higher in LGAonly by CC(18.5-25) than in LGAonly by CC. In SGAonly by CC(18.5-25), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and perinatal mortality rates were higher than in SGAonly by CC. Adverse outcomes rate was higher in LGAonly by CC(18.5-25) than in LGAonly by CC (21.6%; OR = 1.61, [1.34-193]) vs. (13.5%; OR = 0.84, [0.66-1.07]), and in SGA only by CC(18.5-25) than in SGAonly by CC (9.6%; OR = 1.62, [1.25-2.10] vs. 6.3%; OR = 1.18, [0.85-1.66]). CONCLUSION: The use of CC(18.5-25) allows a more accurate identification of LGA and SGA infants at risk of perinatal morbidity than conventional CC. This benefit increase and decrease, respectively, with GA.

Rotational forceps: a retrospective study evaluating anatomical and functional consequences for the pelvic floor.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The use of Kielland's rotational forceps is considered to involve greater technical difficulty and may be associated with a higher rate of pelvic floor trauma. Our main objective was to evaluate the association between avulsion of the levator muscle and rotational and non-rotational forceps. METHODS: This was an observational study carried out at a tertiary hospital that recruited singleton cephalic vaginally primiparous women with previous Kielland's forceps delivery between March 2012 and May 2017. Patients were retrieved from a local database, contacted consecutively and blinded to all clinical data. Power calculations determined a sample of n = 160 patients. All women underwent a urogynecological interview, clinical examination and 4D translabial ultrasound (TLUS). The 4D TLUS volumes were stored and analyzed offline by an experienced ultrasound examiner who was blinded to all clinical data. RESULTS: A total of 165 patients were available for analysis. Rotational forceps accounted for 27.3% (45 out of 165) of the study sample. Avulsion was present in 41.8% (69 out of 165) of all forceps deliveries. On multivariate analysis, rotational forceps was associated with avulsion, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.57 (CI 95% 1.20-5.62, p = 0.016). Body mass index at the beginning of gestation was found to be a protective factor, with an adjusted OR of 0.918 (CI 95% 0.847-0.986, p = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Rotational forceps is associated with a higher avulsion rate than non-rotational forceps, with an adjusted OR of over 2.5. Obstetricians need to consider the potential long-term consequences of performing a rotational forceps for mothers.

Gestational Age-Specific Reference Ranges for the sFlt-1/PlGF Immunoassay Ratio in Twin Pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: Establish reference ranges for the Elecsys® soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1)/placental growth factor (PlGF) immunoassay ratio in twin pregnancies. METHODS: Data analyzed were from 3 prospective studies: Prediction of Short-Term Outcome in Pregnant Women with Suspected Preeclampsia (PE) (PROGNOSIS), Study of Early-onset PE in Spain (STEPS), and a multicenter case-control study. Median, 5th, and 95th percentiles for sFlt-1, PlGF, and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratios were determined for normal twin pregnancies for 7 gestational windows and compared with the previous data for singleton pregnancies. RESULTS: The reference range analysis included 269 women with normal twin pregnancies. Before 29 weeks' gestation, median, 5th, and 95th percentiles for sFlt-1/PlGF ratios did not differ between twin and singleton pregnancies. From 29 weeks' gestation to delivery, median, 5th, and 95th percentiles for sFlt-1/PlGF ratios were substantially higher in twin versus singleton pregnancies. sFlt-1 values were higher in women with twin pregnancies across all gestational windows. PlGF values were similar or higher in twin versus singleton pregnancies; PlGF concentrations increased from 10 weeks + 0 days to 28 weeks + 6 days' gestation. CONCLUSIONS: Reference ranges for the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio are similar in women with twin and singleton pregnancies until 29 weeks' gestation but appear higher in twin pregnancies thereafter.

First-trimester cystic posterior fossa: reference ranges, associated findings, and pregnancy outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To report reference ranges for fetal cerebral posterior fossa measurements and to describe the sonographic findings, karyotype results, and pregnancy outcomes in fetuses presenting with cystic posterior fossa (CPF) in the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: Two groups of patients undergoing first-trimester sonographic screening at 11-13 weeks' gestation were studied. The first (control group) consisted of 253 consecutive fetuses with normal posterior fossa, in which the brainstem (BS), fourth ventricle, cisterna magna, and BS-occipital bone (BS-OB) diameter were prospectively measured and the BS/BS-OB diameter ratio was calculated. The second (study group) consisted of 14 fetuses in which a CPF was detected. Information on sonographic findings, prenatal karyotype results, and pregnancy outcomes was obtained by reviewing ultrasound reports and medical records. The results from the two groups were then compared. RESULTS: In the control group, the size of all posterior fossa structures increased and the BS/BS-OB diameter ratio slightly decreased as the pregnancy progressed. In the study group, the BS diameter did not differ significantly from the measurements obtained in the control group. However, the BS-OB diameter and the fourth ventricle were significantly larger (p < .05 and p < .001, respectively) in the study group than in the control group. Additionally, the cisterna magna was not identified in 13 of the 14 fetuses (93%) in the study group, in comparison to zero out of the 253 fetuses in the control group (p < .001). Finally, the BS/BS-OB diameter ratio was significantly smaller in the study group when compared with the control group (p < .05). Regarding pregnancy outcomes, 12 of the 14 (86%) affected pregnancies underwent elective termination (n = 11) or ended in an early intrauterine demise (n = 1) due to the associated chromosomal abnormalities or structural defects. The two fetuses with isolated CPF had a normal second-trimester scan and resulted in the delivery of healthy newborn infants. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of a CPF in the first trimester is associated with a high rate of chromosomal and structural defects. By using normative data, early sonographic screening and detection of mildly and moderately abnormal cases is possible. Fetuses with isolated CPF require further study with a detailed second-trimester scan. This is essential in order to differentiate cases with poor and good perinatal outcomes. Finally, our data also demonstrate that the main sonographic tool when screening for CPF in the first trimester is the assessment of the fourth ventricle, which is significantly larger in abnormal cases as the result of the wide communication between the fourth ventricle and the cisterna magna.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of transcutaneous nerve stimulation during labor in breech presentation: a case series.

Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of pain relief with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) dispositive during labor in breech vaginal delivery and also to describe its tolerance and satisfaction.Design: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial was conducted.Setting: Labor room of Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil (Spain).Participants: Ten women who met the inclusion criteria of the clinical trial and also had a fetus breech presentation were randomly assigned to three groups.Interventions: A portable TENS, Cefar Rehab 2pro®, unit was used to apply the experimental intervention, with different doses in the three groups in women during labor. The device intensity (amplitude) was individually adjusted to each participant's maximum sensory level. The pain was evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS). COMFORTS scale was used to measure women's satisfaction.Results: A significant association of VAS was detected depending on the type of TENS over time. Active TENS2 was the only group that obtained an improvement with clinically significant results. In connection with women satisfaction, active TENS2 group was also the group that presented higher values.Conclusions: We can recommend the use of TENS dispositive to relieve pain during labor, also in those women with breech presentation.

Delivery in breech presentation: Perinatal outcome and neurodevelopmental evaluation at 18 months of life.

OBJECTIVES: To compare maternal and perinatal outcomes, including neurodevelopmental results at 18 months of life, between term breech and cephalic deliveries. STUDY DESIGN: In this longitudinal retrospective study of mothers seen at the Maternity and Paediatric University Hospital of the Canary Islands delivery unit from November 1, 2011, to October 31, 2012, we compared maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with breech or cephalic presentation of the foetus. A second analysis was performed to compare breech births, differentiating between whether a vaginal delivery attempt was made or if caesarean section (C-section) without labour had been directly scheduled. The psychomotor development of children 18 months after birth was assessed using the Haizea-Llevant scale. RESULTS: A total of 130 breech deliveries were matched with 130 cephalic deliveries. No perinatal mortality occurred in either group. The C-section percentage was greater in the breech presentation group compared with the cephalic delivery group (72.3 % vs. 14.6 %; p < 0.001). Children in the breech presentation had a threefold increased risk for Apgar scores <7 at 1 min (OR 3.2; 95 % CI: 1.2-8.4; p = 0.016) compared with cephalic presentation. These differences disappeared 5 min after birth. No differences were observed in moderate to severe neonatal morbidity between the breech and cephalic presentation groups. There were no differences between groups in neurodevelopmental outcomes. Of 130 pregnancies with breech presentation, 79 (60.8 %) made a vaginal delivery attempt, and 51 (39.2 %) were planned C-sections. Women who attempted vaginal breech delivery were younger and had a history of previous pregnancy. Apgar scores <7 at 1 min were more frequent in the vaginal delivery attempt group (27.9 % vs. 5.9 %; p = 0.002). A high percentage of type III resuscitation (36.5 % vs. 14.3 %; p = 0.007) and Neonatology admission (22.8 % vs. 5.9 %; p = 0.013) was observed in the vaginal delivery attempt group. Except for Apgar scores <7 at 1 min, none of these associations was significant after adjusting for nulliparity and maternal age. The mode of delivery was not associated with moderate to severe perinatal outcomes. CONCLUSION: The implementation of a specific protocol for selecting pregnant women with breech presentation as candidates for vaginal delivery achieved perinatal outcomes similar to births in cephalic presentation.

Características ecocardiográficas de la mesocardia fetal: un corazón diferente / Echocardiographic features of fetal mesocardiac: a different heart

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Nefropatía fetal por Valsartán / Fetal nephropathy due to Valsartan

La hipertensión arterial afecta aproximadamente al 7% de mujeres en edad reproductiva. Más de la mitad de estas mujeres quedarán gestantes mientras toman medicación antihipertensiva. Los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina y los antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II son fármacos antihipertensivos ampliamente utilizados en la población adulta, especialmente si tienen comorbilidades como diabetes o enfermedad renal, habiéndose descrito resultados perinatales adversos cuando se usan durante el embarazo. Presentamos el caso de una mujer en tratamiento con Valsartán que quedó gestante inadvertidamente, desarrollando el feto una nefropatía funcional no malformativa diagnosticada a las 22 semanas

Hypertension affects aproximately 7% of women in reproductive age. More than half will get pregnant while taking antihypertensive drugs. Renin angiotensine system blockers and angiotensin II receptor blockers are antihypertensive drugs broadly used in adult population, specially in patients with co-morbidities like diabetes or renal disease. Adverse perinatal outcomes have been reported in patients taking these drugs. We present a case report about a woman taking Valsartan whose pregancy was diagnosed at 22 weeks, with a fetal non malformative nephropathy

Tumor maligno de la vaina del nervio periférico primario de mama / Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the breast

Los tumores malignos de la vaina del nervio periférico representan del 5 al 10% del total de tumores malignos de tejidos blandos y frecuentemente se asocian con la neurofibromatosis tipoI. Su presentación en la glándula mamaria es poco frecuente, y el diagnóstico es muy difícil por su rareza y por la ausencia de características clínicas y/o radiológicas específicas, siendo preciso una adecuada interpretación del estudio inmunohistoquímico y su correlación con los hallazgos morfológicos. Presentamos un caso clínico y su revisión bibliográfica

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours represent 5-10% of all malignant soft tissue tumours and are frequently associated with neurofibromatosis typeI. Their presentation in the mammary gland is rare. Because of this rarity, as well as the absence of specific clinical and/or radiological features, their diagnosis very difficult. It is therefore essential to correctly interpret immunohistochemical analysis and its correlation with morphological findings. We present a clinical case and literature review

Vaginal approach in the repair of vesicovaginal fistula / Abordaje vaginal en la reparación de fístula vesicovaginal

Objective: We present our experience in the vaginal approach to repair of vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) without interposition of flaps in a series of 8 patients. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective descriptive study of patients who underwent surgery between January 2015 and August 2018. Eight patients were diagnosed with VVF and underwent surgical repair. We analyzed age, associated comorbidity, type of surgery performed, time to diagnosis, diagnostic sequence, and classification of the type of fistula. All patients underwent the same procedure. We analyzed operative time, complications, additional procedures, and final outcome. The surgical technique was performed transvaginally by the same surgical team in all 8 cases. Results: We repaired 8 VVFs. Mean age was 49 years. All patients had a simple fistula, with a good prognosis a priori. The fistulas measured between 10 and 15 mm. Time to repair ranged between 2 and 9 months. The average operative time was 123 minutes. There were no major intraoperative complications. The average hospital stay was 1.9 days. The success rate was 94.6% (7/8). One patient had to undergo additional surgery that was not completely successful. No recurrences were observed during a 12-month follow-up. Conclusions: The vaginal approach, without interposition flaps, has proven highly successful for the repair of uncomplicated simple VVFs, with results comparable to other routes of approach. Good preparation of the vaginal mucosa, adherence to the key principles of surgical repair of VVFs, and the experience of the surgeon are important variables that affect the success rate of the procedure

Objetivo: presentar nuestra experiencia en la reparación de las fístulas vesicovaginales mediante abordaje vaginal sin interposición de colgajos, en una serie de ocho pacientes. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los casos intervenidos en el período de tempo comprendido entre enero 2015 a agosto 2018. Se diagnosticaron en nuestro centro un total de ocho pacientes con fístula vesicovaginal (FVV) que se sometieron a reparación quirúrgica. Se analizó la edad, comorbilidad asociada, tipo de cirugía realizada, tiempo de evolución desde la presentación de la clínica hasta el diagnóstico, secuencia diagnóstica y clasificación del tipo de fístula. Se realizó la misma cirugía reparativa para todas las pacientes y se analiza el tiempo quirúrgico, complicaciones, reintervenciones y resultado final. La técnica quirúrgica fue estrictamente reproducida vía transvaginal por el mismo equipo quirúrgico en todos los casos. Resultados: se repararon ocho fístulas vesicovaginales, con una edad media de las pacientes de 49 años. Todas ellas fueron clasificadas como fístula única simple, a priori de buen pronóstico. El tamaño de la fístula se estimó entre 10 mm y 15 mm. El tiempo de fistulización hasta la reparación osciló entre 2 y 9 meses. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 123 minutos. No se produjeron complicaciones mayores intraoperatorias. El tiempo de hospitalización promedio fue de 1,9 días. La tasa de éxito fue del 94.6% (7/8), hubo una persistencia que se reintervino sin éxito completo y no se observaron recidivas en un seguimiento de 12 meses. Conclusiones: el abordaje vaginal, sin interposición de colgajo, es un procedimiento con alta tasa de éxito en la reparación de FVV simple no complicada, con resultados equiparables a otras vías de abordaje. La buena preparación de la mucosa vaginal, respetar los principios claves en la reparación quirúrgica de las FVV y la experiencia del cirujano son variables importantes que condicionarán la tasa de éxito

The solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) syndrome: Associations, prenatal diagnosis, and outcomes.

Solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) syndrome is a complex disorder consisting of multiple, developmental defects involving midline structures of the head, which includes the cranial bones, the maxilla, and its container dentition (specifically the central incisor tooth germ), together with other midline structures of the body. SMMCI may appear as an isolated trait or in association with other midline developmental anomalies. We describe the case of a patient with SMMCI. He presented with a solitary median maxillary incisor, short stature, corpus callosum anomalies and a microform of holoprosencephaly (HPE), diabetes insipidus, and neurodevelopmental delay. The diagnosis was performed postnatally based on clinical features, radiological imaging, and a comprehensive genetic study. SMMCI can be diagnosed during the prenatal or neonatal periods or during infancy. Evaluation of the superior maxillary bone is important for prenatal diagnosis. Direct evaluation through bidimensional ultrasound or the use of multiplanar ultrasound or tridimensional reconstruction should be performed in cases of brain or face malformations. Early diagnosis can contribute to improved prenatal assessment and postnatal management.

Perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies: Association with fetal presentation and mode of delivery / Resultados perinatales en gestaciones gemelares en relación a la presentación de ambos fetos y a la vía del parto

Objective: To analyze perinatal outcomes in twin deliveries considering fetal presentation, delivery mode, and birth order. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective observational study of 639 women with twin pregnancies yielding 1278 newborns. The mode of delivery was chosen according to the presentation of the first twin and the mother's medical and obstetric history. Results: The pregnancy was dichorionic-diamniotic in 82.6% of cases, monochorionic-diamniotic in 14.6% of cases, and monochorionic-monoamniotic in 0.6% of cases. The overall rate of cesarean delivery was 20.7%. Of the 1278 newborns, 0.2% were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Presentation at delivery was cephalic in 70.7% of first twins and only 49.9% of second twins. The rate of cesarean delivery was 28.5% for first twins in cephalic presentation and 85.8% for first twins in breech presentation. Analysis of perinatal outcomes for the first and second twins revealed no differences in newborns' weight, 5-minute Apgar score, arterial pH, rate of admission to the NICU, or perinatal mortality. Similarly, no differences were identified in perinatal outcomes according the presentation of both fetuses. Conclusions: There was no evidence of poorer perinatal outcomes related to order of birth, fetal presentation, or mode of delivery. Therefore, attempting vaginal delivery in a twin pregnancy is a reasonable approach

Objetivo: analizar los resultados perinatales en las gestaciones gemelares con respecto a su relación con la presentación y la vía del parto, atendiendo al orden de cada feto. Material y métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 639 mujeres con embarazos gemelares, con un total de 1278 recién nacidos. El tipo de parto se eligió de acuerdo con la presentación del primer gemelo y el historial médico y obstétrico de la madre. Resultados: el 82,6% fueron BC-BA, el 14,6% MC-BA y el 0,6% MC-MA. Hubo una tasa global de cesáreas del 20,7%. De 1278 recién nacidos, el 0,2% fue ingresado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales. El 70,7% de los primeros gemelos se encontraban en una presentación cefálica, lo que sólo ocurrió en un 49,9% de los segundos gemelos. La tasa de cesárea fue del 28,5% en los primeros gemelos con presentación cefálica y del 85,8% en los primeros gemelos con presentación de nalgas. En el análisis de los resultados perinatales (peso de los recién nacidos, la puntuación de Apgar a los 5 minutos, el pH arterial, la tasa de ingreso a la UCIN o la mortalidad perinatal) del primer o segundo gemelo no se encontraron diferencias así como tampoco las hubo en función de la presentación de ambos fetos. Conclusiones: no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los resultados perinatales atendiendo al orden de cada gemelo, a su presentación y a la vía del parto; por tanto, el intento de parto vaginal en gemelares es una opción razonable

Evaluation of different doses of transcutaneous nerve stimulation for pain relief during labour: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Pain during labour is one of the most intense pain that women may experience in their lifetime. There are several non-pharmacological analgesic methods to relieve pain during labour, among them transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). TENS is a low-frequency electrotherapy technique, analgesic type, generally used in musculoskeletal pathology, but it has also come to be used as an alternative treatment during labour. The purpose of this study is to investigate the pain-relieving effect of a TENS application during labour and to find out the most effective dose. METHODS: This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. TENS therapy was initiated at the beginning of the active phase of labour. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups (21 per group: two active TENS and one placebo). Active TENS 1 intervention consisted in a constant frequency of 100-Hz, 100-µs, active TENS 2 intervention consisted in a varying high-frequency (80-100 Hz), 350 µs, and in a placebo group, participants were connected to the TENS unit without electrical stimulation. TENS was applied with two self-adhesive electrodes placed parallel to the spinal cord (T10-L1 and S2-S4 levels). The primary outcome was pain intensity (0-10 cm) measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS) at several stages (at baseline and at 10 and 30 min later). Secondary outcomes included women's satisfaction (via the Care in Obstetrics: Measure for Testing Satisfaction scale). RESULTS: Sixty-three women participated. Regarding baseline characteristics, no differences were found among the three groups. The active TENS 2 group obtained an improvement with clinically significant VAS results (- 2.9, 95% confidence interval - 4.1 to - 1.6, p <  0.001). Regarding satisfaction, the results also revealed better results in the active TENS than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: TENS with high frequencies modified in time as well as high pulse width are effective for relieving labour pain, and they are well considered by pregnant participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03137251 . Registered on 2 May 2017.

[Endocrine disruptors and hypospadias in Gran Canaria island (2012-2015)]. / Disruptores endocrinos e hipospadias en Gran Canaria (2012-2015).

OBJECTIVE: Hypospadias represents the most frequent male congenital malformation in children, with a prevalence of 1 in 200-300 new born or 4-6 in 1000 male new born. Genetic and environmental factors play a strong role on developing this virilization defect acting as endocrinal disruptors (ED). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the environmental factors that may have influenced the development oh hypospadias in children treated at the Maternal and Child University Hospital od Las Palmas of Gran Canaria Island during the years 2012-2015. METHODS: The present study represents a retrospective analysis of patients treated for hypospadias in the Maternal-Paediatric University Hospital of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria during 4 years (2012 -2015) by the use of medical records and telephone survey to families' patients. To perform the statistical analysis of the data, the SPSS program was used in version 15.0. The level of statistical significance was established for an error α = 0.05. The chi-square test and Fisher's correction were applied if necessary to test the associations between the qualitative variables. RESULTS: From 2012 to 2015, 128 patients were treated; we could only follow 116 patients. If we analyse patients' distribution throught those years we can resume that 33% of them were treated in 2012, 23% in 2013, 24% in 2014 and 20% in 2015. We analyse the study background of both parents: 45.5% of mothers had primary studies, 37.5% had secundary studies, 15.2% had university studies and 1.8% were students; 54.3% of fathers had primary studies, 32.4% had secundary studies and 13.3% had university studies. We did not found any statistically significant diference between the place of residence and the study background both in mothers (p=0,262) and fathers (p=0,052). Within all the patients followed, 78 had a clinical history of exposition to ED as a direct family background. CONCLUSIONS: The chronical exposure to ED, very frequent in our society, is a very important risk factor in the development of urologic pathologies as hypospadias; for this reason, awareness measures and prevention in social areas and workplace must be carried out to avoid unnecessary exposures.

OBJETIVO: El hipospadias es la malformación congénita genital masculina más frecuente en niños, con una prevalencia de 1 cada 250 recién nacidos de sexo masculino. Se especula que pueden existir factores genéticos y/o medioambientales que predisponen a este defecto de virilización actuando como disruptores endocrinos (DE). El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los factores medio ambientales que puedan haber influido en el desarrollo del hipospadias en los niños tratados en el Hospital Universitario Materno Infantil de Las Palmas de Gran Canarias en los años 2012-2015. METODOS: El presente estudio representa un análisis retrospectivo de los casos de hipospadias tratados en el Hospital Universitario Materno Infantil de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria entre el 2012 y el 2015, tras la revisión de las historias clínicas y la realización de una encuesta telefónica a los padres de los pacientes tratados. Para realizar el análisis estadístico de los datos, se utilizó el programa SPSS en la versión 15.0. El nivel de significación estadística se estableció para un error α=0.05. Se aplicó el test de chi cuadrado y la corrección de Fisher en caso de que fuera necesario para testar las asociaciones entre las variables cualitativas. RESULTADOS: Durante el periodo de estudio se trataron a 128 pacientes de los cuales se siguieron a 116. Si analizamos su distribución por años, el 33% de los pacientes fueron tratados en el año 2012, el 23% en el 2013, el 24% en el 2014 y el 20% en el 2015. En relación al nivel de estudio de la familia, el 45.5% de las madres tenían estudios primarios, el 37.5% estudios secundarios, el 15.2% estudios universitarios y el 1.8% eran estudiantes. En relación a los padres, el 54.3% tenían estudios primarios, el 32.4% estudios secundarios y el 13.3% estudios universitarios. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el municipio de residencia y el nivel de estudio de las madres (p=0,262) y de los padres (p=0,052). De los 116 pacientes analizados, 78 tenían antecedentes familiares directos con exposición a disruptores endocrinos. CONCLUSIONES: La exposición a agentes químicos nocivos y pesticidas, cada vez más habitual en nuestra sociedad, constituye un factor de riesgo para el padecimiento de enfermedades del tracto urológico inferior como el hipospadias, por lo que se deberían tomar medidas de concienciación y prevención en el ámbito social y laboral frente a la exposición a dichos agentes.

Fetal hydrometrocolpos and congenital imperforate hymen: Prenatal and postnatal imaging features.

Congenital imperforate hymen is probably the most common obstructive anomaly of the female reproductive tract. The accumulation of fluid in the genital tract leads to a distended uterus and vagina, causing hydrometrocolpos. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal hydrometrocolpos is uncommon, with only 22 cases reported in the literature and only a few cases of prenatal imaging of this condition available to date. The main ultrasound finding is a fetal pelvic mass posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. We present the case of a 37-week female fetus with a fetal pelvic mass detected in a routine obstetric ultrasound examination, and the correlation between the prenatal and postnatal findings.

Application of quality tools in the management of a gynecologic surgery program: impact on outcomes / Impacto en los resultados en salud de incorporar herramientas de calidad a la gestión del programa quirúrgico en ginecología

Objective: To study the outcomes of various types of hysterectomy over a 12-year period (2002-2015) in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at a public tertiary care hospital in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Study population: Patients scheduled to undergo abdominal hysterectomy, vaginal hysterectomy, or laparoscopic hysterectomy for both benign and malignant disease. Outcome measures: Primary diagnosis, mean hospital stay, surgery-related variables, and perioperative complications (organ injury, infections, venous thromboembolism, hemorrhage, reintervention). Results: The rate of minimally invasive hysterectomy procedures (laparoscopic or vaginal) increased from 27% to 45% (p < 0.0001). The overall complication rate decreased from 38.2% to 14.5% (p < 0.0001). On the whole, surgery-related infectious morbidity decreased from 19.9% to 4% (p < 0.0001). The frequency of major hemorrhages requiring blood transfusion decreased significantly from 15.5% to 4.7% (p < 0.0001). Mean hospital stay decreased for both abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies (from 8.4 to 5 days and from 6 to 3.4 days respectively, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The rate of postoperative complications decreased significantly over the 12-year study period. Today, hysterectomy is a safer procedure than 15 years ago (AU)

Objetivo: evaluar la evolución experimentada en 10 años de los resultados en el procedimiento de histerectomía para un mismo servicio, el servicio de obstetricia y ginecología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, centro sanitario público de tercer nivel. La hipótesis de estudio es que los cambios introducidos en la práctica quirúrgica y cuidados de los pacientes han sido determinantes para conseguir mejorar los resultados en salud. Diseño: estudio de cohortes retrospectivo. Población: pacientes a las que se les realizó histerectomía en nuestro centro por alguna de las tres vías de abordaje (laparotómica, vaginal y laparoscópica) en procesos oncológicos y no oncológicos. Variables estudiadas: diagnóstico que motivó la intervención, complicaciones quirúrgicas atribuidas a la realización de la histerectomía (infección, lesión de órgano, hemorragia, reintervención, etc.), estancia media del ingreso. Resultados: el número de histerectomías realizadas por abordaje menos invasivos (vaginal o laparoscópica) se incrementó del 27% al 45% (p < 0,0001). La tasa global de complicaciones asociada al programa de histerectomías disminuyó de 38,2% a 14,5% p < 0,0001. La incidencia de morbilidad infecciosa evolucionó de un 19,9% a un 4% p < 0,0001; la incidencia de hemorragia que precisó transfusión pasó de un 15,5% a un 4,7% p < 0,0001. La estancia media asociada al procedimiento disminuye de 8,4 a 5 días para las histerectomías abdominales y de 6 a 3,4 días para las histerectomías por vía vaginal p < 0,0001. Conclusiones: realizar una histerectomía hoy en nuestro centro es más seguro que hace 10 años. La tasa global de complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento de histerectomía disminuyó en nuestro servicio de forma notable en la última década (AU)

Disruptores endocrinos e hipospadias en Gran Canaria (2012-2015) / Endocrine disruptors and hypospadias in Gran Canaria island (2012-2015)

Fundamentos:El hipospadias es la malformación congénita genital masculina más frecuente en niños, con una prevalencia de 1 cada 250 recién nacidos de sexo masculino. Se especula que pueden existir factores genéticos y/o medioambientales que predisponen a este defecto de virilización actuando como disruptores endocrinos (DE). El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los factores medio ambientales que puedan haber influido en el desarrollo del hipospadias en los niños tratados en el Hospital Universitario Materno Infantil de Las Palmas de Gran Canarias en los años 2012-2015. Métodos:El presente estudio representa un análisis retrospectivo de los casos de hipospadias tratados en el Hospital Universitario Materno Infantil de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria entre el 2012 y el 2015, tras la revisión de las historias clínicas y la realización de una encuesta telefónica a los padres de los pacientes tratados. Para realizar el análisis estadístico de los datos, se utilizó el programa SPSS en la versión 15.0. El nivel de significación estadística se estableció para un error alfa=0.05. Se aplicó el test de chi cuadrado y la corrección de Fisher en caso de que fuera necesario para testar las asociaciones entre las variables cualitativas. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio se trataron a 128 pacientes de los cuales se siguieron a 116. Si analizamos su distribución por años, el 33% de los pacientes fueron tratados en el año 2012, el 23% en el 2013, el 24% en el 2014 y el 20% en el 2015. En relación al nivel de estudio de la familia, el 45.5% de las madres tenían estudios primarios, el 37.5% estudios secundarios, el 15.2% estudios universitarios y el 1.8% eran estudiantes. En relación a los padres, el 54.3% tenían estudios primarios, el 32.4% estudios secundarios y el 13.3% estudios universitarios. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el municipio de residencia y el nivel de estudio de las madres (p=0,262) y de los padres (p=0,052). De los 116 pacientes analizados, 78 tenían antecedentes familiares directos con exposición a disruptores endocrinos. Conclusiones: La exposición a agentes químicos nocivos y pesticidas, cada vez más habitual en nuestra sociedad, constituye un factor de riesgo para el padecimiento de enfermedades del tracto urológico inferior como el hipospadias, por lo que se deberían tomar medidas de concienciación y prevención en el ámbito social y laboral frente a la exposición a dichos agentes

Background: Hypospadias represents the most frequent male congenital malformation in children, with a prevalence of 1 in 200-300 new born or 4-6 in 1000 male new born. Genetic and environmental factors play a strong role on developing this virilization defect acting as endocrinal disruptors (ED). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the environmental factors that may have influenced the development oh hypospadias in children treated at the Maternal and Child University Hospital od Las Palmas of Gran Canaria Island during the years 2012-2015. Methods: The present study represents a retrospective analysis of patients treated for hypospadias in the Maternal-Paediatric University Hospital of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria during 4 years (2012 -2015) by the use of medical records and telephone survey to families' patients. To perform the statistical analysis of the data, the SPSS program was used in version 15.0. The level of statistical significance was established for an error alfa = 0.05. The chi-square test and Fisher's correction were applied if necessary to test the associations between the qualitative variables. Results: From 2012 to 2015, 128 patients were treated; we could only follow 116 patients. If we analyse patients' distribution throught those years we can resume that 33% of them were treated in 2012, 23% in 2013, 24% in 2014 and 20% in 2015. We analyse the study background of both parents: 45.5% of mothers had primary studies, 37.5% had secundary studies, 15.2% had university studies and 1.8% were students; 54.3% of fathers had primary studies, 32.4% had secundary studies and 13.3% had university studies. We did not found any statistically significant diference between the place of residence and the study background both in mothers (p=0,262) and fathers (p=0,052). Within all the patients followed, 78 had a clinical history of exposition to ED as a direct family background. Conclusions: The chronical exposure to ED, very frequent in our society, is a very important risk factor in the development of urologic pathologies as hypospadias; for this reason, awareness measures and prevention in social areas and workplace must be carried out to avoid unnecessary exposures

Corrigendum to "Prenatal Diagnosis of Cardiac Diverticulum with Pericardial Effusion in the First Trimester of Pregnancy with Resolution after Early Pericardiocentesis".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2015/154690.].